阅读笔记|基于骨结合的现代种植学:50年的发展,当前趋势,存在问题

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收藏于 : 2019-11-11 22:15   被转藏 : 1   

探索


1965年到1985年:

对于骨结合的科学探索及其临床应用

1960s 发现

钛与骨结合

现象

P.-I. Br?nemark教授在瑞典哥德堡大学第一个发现骨结合现象并命名osseointegration [1-2] 。

1980s 分歧

Br?nemark

教授团队



P.-I. Br?nemark教授团队主张 [3] :

  1.  机械(光滑)表面(machined surface)处理的螺纹式钛种植体。

  2.  埋入式愈合(submerged)。

  3.  主要用于无牙颌固定修复。

1980s 分歧

Schroeder

教授团队

André Schroeder教授团队主张 [4-5]:

  1.    中空式离子喷涂表面的钛种植体(rough plasma- sprayed  surface)。

  2.    非埋入式(穿粘膜)式愈合 (nonsubmerged, transmucosal) 。

  3.    用于无牙颌,以及牙列缺损患者。


1980s 共识

种植手术

基本原则

1. 种植备洞时,应避免过多产热。

2. 种植体植入后,有足够的初期稳定性(primary stability)。

3. 3-6 个月非功能负载(non-functional loading) 的愈合期 [2,6]。

1980s 共识

种植设计 

到 80年代后期,主要的种植系统为两段式 (two-piece) 螺纹(screw type)钛种植体,表面处理为机械处理(machined surface) 或粗糙离子喷涂处理 (rough titanium plasma-sprayed surface) [7]。


发展


1985年到2000年:

口腔种植的主要发展阶段

1990s 进展

外科技术

引导骨再生术

该阶段,引导骨再生术(Guided bone regeneration, GBR)主要发展方向 [8-9]:

  1. 提高治疗可预测性。

  2. 降低手术风险, 例如采用可吸收胶原膜( resorbable membrane)。

  3. 具体手术方法为改良手术切口,固定生物膜及应用骨替代材料。

1980s 进展

外科技术

上颌窦提升术

1990s 进展

外科技术

上颌窦提升术

1996年骨结合学会(Academy of Osseointegration) 召开了第一次有关上颌窦的共识会议,上颌窦内提升术的临床效果得到肯定 [10] 。

1990s 进展

表面处理

革命性的变化

研究对比不同种植体表面处理的骨-种植体表面接触(Bone-Implant contact, BIC) 值 [11]:

  1. 羟磷灰石表面(Hydroapatite, HA)处理的BIC值最高,但表面存在骨吸收现象, 因此不作为临床首选。

  2. 通过大颗粒(large grit)和酸噬技术(acid etching)获得喷砂(Sandblasting, SLA)表面能获得更多地骨沉积。


该阶段开始,大部分种植系统开始以中等粗糙表面处理方式(microrough or moderately rough)为主, 并渐渐成为主流 [12]。


1990s 探索

早期负荷

即刻负荷

在该阶段,早期负荷和即刻负荷(early and immediate loading) 进行了更多地尝试,在无牙颌及牙列缺损患者中,均取得一定的临床效果[13-14]。

1990s 探索

即刻种植 

80年代,前牙即刻种植(immediate placement) 应用氧化铝种植体,但发现种植体折断的概率较高,临床运用失败[15]。但在该阶段,随着GBR技术的应用,大量研究再次聚焦在拔牙后即刻种植技术,并持续争议[16]。


1990s 分歧

愈合方式


学者普遍认识,非埋入式(穿龈)愈合能缩短治疗时间,减少手术次数等等,而埋入愈合更利于软硬组织重建和降低相关风险,因此临床需结合具体的病例进行权衡和选择[17]。


微调


2000年到2010年:

口腔种植的微调阶段

2000s 进展

种植体设计

平台转移

在种植体设计方面,平台转移(platform switching) 被认为能有效避免种植体边缘骨吸收[18]。

2000s 进展

种植体设计

氧化锆基台


在前牙区种植,应用氧化锆(zirconia)基台提高美学效果[19] 。

2000s 共识

即刻种植



前牙拔除后,薄型骨壁(唇侧骨板厚度≤1mm)更易吸收 [20]。


自2003年,多次共识会议讨论了前牙即刻种植(immediate placement)的分类,适应证以及导致粘膜退缩的风险因素 [21]。


为了弥补拔牙后骨吸收,大部分美学区种植采用了骨增量技术(bone augmentation)。对于轻度骨缺损(minor bone deficiencies)的病例,也可只使用软组织移植(connective tissue graft)来达到颊侧软组织增量的目的[22] 。


2000s 共识

美学区种植 

美学区种植体正确的三维位置 [23]


2000s 进展

骨增量技术 

GBR技术中,主要研究重点为复合骨替代材料 (composite graft), 即将多种材料,如自体骨移植(autograft), 异种移植(xenegraft), 同种异体移植(allograft) 等混合使用,以提高材料的抗吸收性能(a low substitution rate) 和骨生成(osteogenic)能力[24] 。


上颌窦提升方面,部分病例推荐采用无骨粉充填[25]。此外,有关上颌窦内提升、外提升的适应证也有所拓宽 [26]。


2000s 进展

CBCT

CBCT作为术前诊断,不仅提高成像质量,而且可以降低辐射 [27] 。同时,与CAM/CAM相结合,制备外科手术导板等技术,有望能够降低手术风险及创伤,提高种植精准性[28]。


2000s 进展

共振频率分析

应用共振频率分析(Resonance Frequency Analysis, RFA)评价种植体稳定性[29-30]:

1. 由多因素所决定,包括骨质、手术技巧、种植体设计及愈合时间。

2.研究认为种植稳定系数达到60-70,即适合即刻修复或负荷。

3.目前尚无关于应用共振频率分析的共识。

2000s 分歧

富血小板血浆

PRP

00年早期,高浓度血小板血浆(Platelet-rich Plasma, PRP)受到学者关注,认为PRP能聚集高浓缩的血小板因子以促进骨再生。但是,近年来大量研究证实,PRP无法加速骨结合[31-32]。


展望


2010年至今后:

当前趋势及存在问题


2010s 分歧

种植体周围炎

种植体周围炎 (peri-implantitis) 已成为最大热点问题之一。由于暂无种植体周围炎的准确定义,其诊断、发病率以及治疗仍存在争议[33]。


De Bruyn等[34]学者发起‘引起种植体周围炎的病人相关风险因素’的讨论。目前,吸烟和牙周病史作为两大风险因素被广泛研究。


2010s 分歧

固位方式

相比螺丝固位(screw-retained), 粘接固位(cement-retained) 临床操作简单,主要用于前牙区与个性化基台修复。但是,残留粘接剂(cement remnants) 可能引起种植体周围炎[34-35]。

2010s 分歧

种植体周围

骨吸收

普遍认为‘负荷后第一年的骨吸收现象是不可避免的’。这是一种自体反应,与手术创伤和负载有关[3]。


边缘性骨吸收(marginal bone loss)的原因尚未明确,可能与植体型态,种植位点等多种因素有关[37] 。一些学者认为骨吸收是由菌斑引起的 (biofilm-mediated process),与牙周炎类似[38];另一些学者认为是机体对种植体骨结合的免疫反应(foreign-body reaction)[39]。


2010s 进展

数字化

修复技术

自2008,种植数字化得到迅速发展。工作流程(digital workflow )实现了数字化革新,尤其在修复方面,已逐渐实现临床运用。此外,包括口内扫描(intra oral scanner),计算机导航,3D打印等技术也随着科技进步和设备改良,获得越来越多的实验研究支持[40]。


2010s 进展

氧化锆种植体


氧化锆种植体(zirconium dioxide) 被应用于临床前期研究,但仍需进一步研究和观察 [41]。

2010s 进展

PRF 与 CGF


近年来, 富含血小板纤维(Platelet-rich fibrin, PRF) 及浓缩生长因子 (Concentrated Growth Factor, CGF)再次应用于临床,但仍缺乏充足证据表明有利于骨生成[42] 。


2010s 进展

粘膜退缩


种植周围粘膜退缩作为美学并发症,直接降低了患者满意度。粘膜退缩与种植周围软硬组织厚度,种植三维位置不佳及修复体质量有关[43] 。


现今,治疗粘膜退缩方法有限,仅对于粘膜退缩<2 mm,通过手术方式能够改善,例如上皮下结缔组织移植(subepithelial connective tissue graft) 或者 GBR [44]。

展望未来

老龄化

 

随着全球人口老龄化,未来越来越多的老年患者将进行种植修复。对于老年人特殊群体,种植手术将更多地考虑全身系统性疾病,如糖尿病,骨质疏松等等。因此,手术微创化是未来发展方向之一 [45] 。


展望未来

种植培训

未来,口腔种植发展的关键在于口腔全科医生的种植专科培训,这将直接决定种植发展的成败[46] 。

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